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Cities & towns in Europe

This section provides varied information on aspects of the urban system for (currently) 39 cities and towns across Europe. The profiles of some cities contain more information than others due to the availability of published information online. The range of information provided for each city / town varies (from the likes of local government teams, researchers, think tanks and newspapers) and it may change over time. Whilst every effort is made to ensure all links are active, source links may change (please let us know if you do find any links that do not work).


Statistics about urbanisation across Europe are available from various sources, including Statista (which amongst other things provides a regional overview). The region of Europe contains a wide range of extremely diverse countries, and it is already where much of the world's urban growth and development has taken place to date. 


Cities and towns across Europe are working out how to responsibly move forwards. 


Fast links:

1. Northern Europe

2. Southern Europe


Note: This section includes images of cities and towns to provide a small snapshot of what they look like. These images are either from the website owner or they have been sourced from free-to-use image sites. If you see an image that could / should be replaced, please contact the website owner.

Northern Europe

Leuven (Belgium)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Leuven - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Leuven 2030

The ecological system - the journey to become carbon neutral (City Monitor 2022)

The physical system - banning cars from the city centre (Euronews 2022)

The socio-economic system - inclusivity and sustainability (DISCE 2022)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Prague - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - Prague's climate plan to 2030

The physical system - pathways for the built environment (IHRB 2023)

Sustainable energy and buildings

The socio-economic system - redefining a tourism strategy (The Mayor 2021)

Examples of Prague start-up businesses (The Recursive 2023)

Copenhagen (Denmark)

Prague (Czech Republic)

Copenhagen (Denmark)

Copenhagen - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system -  a green capital (Tomorrow City 2021)

Sustainability in the city (Urban Life)

The physical system - sustainability in architecture (2022)

World GBC profile

The Energy Lab Nordhavn

Urban Rigger floating living

The socio-economic system - making Smart Meters smarter (Science Direct 2017)

Tallinn (Estonia)

Tallinn (Estonia)

Copenhagen (Denmark)

Tallinn - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system -  a climate-proof city (Oppla)

The 2023 European Green Capital

The physical system - tackling construction waste (Construction 21 2018)

The historic centre (UNESCO)

The socio-economic system - the city's circular economy (OECD)

Smart City approach by the City

A Smart City role model (CLC)

A Smart City academic review (MDPI 2021)

A general view of Estonia (FES 2021)

Bordeaux (France)

Tallinn (Estonia)

Bordeaux (France)

Bordeaux - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - the greening of Bordeaux (Forbes 2020)

Bordeaux's Resilience Month, Oct 2024

The physical system - innovation of the public transport system (Skyrise Cities 2016)

Ideas for a cable car (The Limited Times 2023)

Some recent history context to redevelopment (the Guardian 2014)

Renovating a 1960s apartment block - it can be done (the Guardian 2019)

The socio-economic system - academia & business working together (U de B)

The Darwin eco-system (Forbes 2018)

Grenoble (France)

Tallinn (Estonia)

Bordeaux (France)

Grenoble - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - European Green Capital 2022 (Sustain Europe)

European Commission on Grenoble

Grenoble-Alpes Métropole Climate Air Energy Plan 

The physical system - leading the fight against climate change (Arch Digest 2023)

Autonomous Building Concept - ABC (Bouygues)

The socio-economic system - participative budgeting (City of Grenoble - in French)

Calling on citizens to act on climate change (the FT 2023 - might be restricted)

Paris (France)

Helsinki (Finland)

Helsinki (Finland)

Paris - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - A walk along the Promenade Plantée (the Guardian 2017)

The physical system - how Paris is working to reduce cars (Slate 2023)

The Zone à Trafic Limité - how does it work?

Paris is transforming rather than demolishing its buildings (Le Monde 2023)

The socio-economic system - 

A perspective on participative budgeting, including Paris (Euractiv 2023)

How participative budgeting is working (City Monitor 2023)

Paris participative budget

Helsinki (Finland)

Helsinki (Finland)

Helsinki (Finland)

Helsinki - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - water ecosystems

The physical system - the Wood City of the future? (the BBC 2022)

Virtual Helsinki

The socio-economic system - a conversation with the Mayor (Brookings 2020)

Participative budgeting

Tampere (Finland)

Helsinki (Finland)

Tampere (Finland)

Tampere - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Tampere VLR 2022

An overview of the city

Business involvement in Cleantech

The ecological system - nature in the city

The physical system - a new architectural programme for the city

Using 100% green electricity (Procura +)

The socio-economic system - Tampere's path from industrial to knowledge economy (MIT 2002)

Berlin (Germany)

Tampere (Finland)

Berlin - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - biodiversity in the city's green spaces (Science 2022)

Reinvention for climate adaptation (The Nature Conservancy 2022)

The physical system - Smart City Berlin

Berlin TXL review

Berlin TXL profile (PwC 2023)

The socio-economic system - segregation in a well-connected city (Springer 2021)

Berlin rental challenges (the Guardian 2019)

Neighbourhood collaboration & Big Tech (the Guardian 2018)

Hamburg (Germany)

Reykjavik (Iceland)

Hamburg - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - European Green Capital 2011

Europe's Green City of the Year 2021 (Global Design News 2021)

Sea level rise projections (Earth.org 2020)

Planning for flood resilience (UoG 2018)

Expiry date of a disaster - the 1962 floods (Science Direct 2022)

The physical system - HafenCity

Resilience in the built environment (Medium 2021)

The socio-economic system - risk analysis in seaports (MDPI 2021)

The neighbourhood of the future, in Hamburg (the BBC 2011)

Reykjavik (Iceland)

Reykjavik (Iceland)

Reykjavik - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

A Green City (Green City Times)

The ecological system - volcano eruptions are an ever-present threat (the Guardian 2023)

Turning CO2 into rock (the BBC 2018)

The physical system - Iceland's geothermal power guards against energy shocks (Fortune 2023)

Geothermal energy (National Geographic)

Turf houses in Iceland (the BBC 2022)

The socio-economic system - 

How Iceland's financial crisis unfolded (the Guardian 2009)

Vilnius (Lithuania)

Leeuwarden (the Netherlands)

Amsterdam (the Netherlands)

Vilnius - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - Green City Plans (EC 2022)

The physical system - the Smart City

Architectural legacies (MDPI 2022)

Healthy & safe environments (MDPI 2017)

The socio-economic system - social positives but also challenges  (LRT 2020)

The Vilnius to Lublin (Poland) Portal (the Verge 2021)

Vilnius invites its residents to "connect to another city"

Amsterdam (the Netherlands)

Leeuwarden (the Netherlands)

Amsterdam (the Netherlands)

Amsterdam - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The AMS Urban Institute

The ecological system - air bubble barrier traps plastic waste (the Guardian 2019)

The physical system - dealing with Amsterdam's crumbling canal walls & bridges (NY Times 2021 - may be restricted)

Amsterdam Smart City

Underwater bike garage (the Guardian 2023)

Are floating cities the future? (the BBC 2021)

The socio-economic system - urban mining in the city (Science Direct 2018)

Leeuwarden (the Netherlands)

Leeuwarden (the Netherlands)

Leeuwarden (the Netherlands)

Leeuwarden - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - Nature & the environment in the city

A walking forest of 1,000 trees transforms the city (the Guardian 2022)

The Bosk initiative (Arcadia)

The physical system - 

Sustainable energy approach

The socio-economic system - a circular economy approach

European Capital of Culture 2018

Rotterdam (the Netherlands)

Rotterdam (the Netherlands)

Leeuwarden (the Netherlands)

Rotterdam - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Resilient Rotterdam

The ecological system - climate-proofing the city (Oppla)

Nature in the Port of Rotterdam

The physical system - using Smart approaches to climate change (Corporate Knights 2022)

The case for concrete recycling (System IQ 2023)

The socio-economic system - Social housing and circularity (Buildings & Cities 2023)

Integrating socio-economics into the city strategy (JRF 2017)

Utrecht (the Netherlands)

Rotterdam (the Netherlands)

Utrecht (the Netherlands)

Utrecht - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Utrecht: a global goals city (Metropolis)

The ecological system - NbS in the city (Oppla)

The physical system - restoring a canal from a motorway (the Guardian 2020)

Utrecht world's best cycling city in 2022 (The Mayor.EU 2022)

Green-roofed bus shelters

The socio-economic system - Dutch cyclists live longer (the BBC 2015)

Utrecht City Policy on cycling

Almere (the Netherlands)

Rotterdam (the Netherlands)

Utrecht (the Netherlands)

Almere - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Almere 2030 plan

The ecological system - from Garden City to Green City (AIPH 2020)

The physical system - railway station analysis of the city (Springer 2021)

The socio-economic system - testing the future of urban life (the BBC 2022)

Agriculture and urban planning (Science Direct 2020)

Oslo (Norway)

Skellefteå (Sweden)

Skellefteå (Sweden)

Oslo - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - ecology at the heart of city planning (the Guardian 2017)

The physical system - how the city is banning cars (the BBC 2019)

Working on zero emissions on construction sites (the BBC 2021)

Oslo ranked 2ns in IMD Smart City Index 2023

The socio-economic system - socio-economics of the city (Oslo Business Region 2023)

The Norwegian model

Diversity Studies Centre Oslo (DISCO)

Skellefteå (Sweden)

Skellefteå (Sweden)

Skellefteå (Sweden)

Skellefteå - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - from industrial area to carbon-neutral (The Mayor.eu 2022)

The physical system - using wood to build the city (the Guardian 2021)

A safe water supply (Ramboll)

The socio-economic system - migration patterns during industrial expansion (KTH 2022)

Stockholm (Sweden)

Skellefteå (Sweden)

Stockholm - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - carbon neutral plan (CNCA)

The Eco-smart city

A Stockholm-based start-up on Climate management (ClimateView) (Sandwater 2023)

Green innovation (Smart Cities World 2023)

The physical system - working towards a low-carbon environment (World GBC)

The socio-economic system - a social-ecological legacy (SRC 2016)

The Stockholm Resilience Centre

Zurich (Switzerland)

Zurich (Switzerland)

Zurich - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - 

Environmental strategy

The physical system - making the circular economy real (City Monitor 2022)

Zurich ranked 1st in IMD Smart City Index 2023

Recycling concrete in the city (Agora)

The socio-economic system - making the city inclusive (Euronews 2019)

Bristol (UK)

Bristol - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Bristol Net Zero by 2030 evidence (CSE 2019)

The ecological system - Climate Emergency Action Plan 2022-2025

Bristol declares emergency over wildlife loss (the Guardian 2020)

The physical system - the built environment influence on walking (ResearchGate 2018)

The socio-economic system - how life has changed in Bristol (ONS 2023)

Bristol One City Plan

Bury St Edmunds (UK)

Bury St Edmunds - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - Bury Water Meadows Group biodiversity surveying

The physical system - town master plan to 2031

The socio-economic system - citizen involvement in setting councillor allowances (BFP 2023)

Funding for digital campaigns for tourism

Local shops dealing with national policy changes (BFP 2023)

Cambridge (UK)

Cambridge (UK)

Cambridge - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Trialing a four-day week for council workers (the Guardian 2023)

The ecological system - the challenges of clearing land for a public transit system (the Guardian 2023)

The physical system - a new urban quarter for Cambridge (linked to UK govt plans)

Challenges of making the new urban quarter happen (the FT 2023 - may be restricted)

Solar panels installation on King's College chapel (the BBC 2023)

The socio-economic system - a push to stop the school run by car (Cambridge Independent 2022)

A U-turn in the congestion charge proposal (the BBC 2023)

Edinburgh (UK)

Cambridge (UK)

Edinburgh - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

2030 Climate Strategy

The ecological system - the Edinburgh Biodiversity Partnership

The physical system - Scotland's largest net zero housing project (the BBC 2021)

The Edinburgh tram (the Guardian 2023)

The socio-economic system - policing priorities according to residents (EEN 2023)

London (UK)

London - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

State of London dashboard (beta)

London and the SDGs (2021)

The ecological system - the London Wildlife Trust

How much longer will the Thames Barrier protect London? (the Guardian 2023)

The physical system - 

Sustainable Design & Construction

Road transport: the challenges of ULEZs (the Guardian 2023)

The expansion of ULEZ (Reuters 2023)

London's future as a smart city

What will London look like in 100 years? Futurescope (Chatham House)

The socio-economic system - 

Dashboard example: policing and crime

Exploring London's rich history

Can nothing stop London? (The Economist 2023)

Stockton-on-Tees (UK)

Stockton-on-Tees - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - Teeside country park boosts wildlife (UK govt 2023)

The physical system - 

An example of a Local Impact Report of urban development (UK govt)

The socio-economic system - forget shops: how this town is reviving its high street (the Guardian 2021)

Southern Europe

Nicosia (Cyprus)

Nicosia - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - Urban Green Network (Connecting Nature)

The physical system - rethinking architecture (ResearchGate 2019)

The socio-economic system - seeking to end the division (the Guardian 2019)

Athens (Greece)

Athens - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Athens Climate Action Plan review (C40)

The ecological system - Athens Environmental Foundation

The physical system - the Athens water supply system (MDPI 2019)

Restoration of architecture (Wallpaper 2023)

The socio-economic system - struggling with the heatwave of the 2023 summer (the Guardian 2023)

Lampedusa (Italy)

Lampedusa (Italy)

Lampedusa - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - marine mammal protection (MMPATF)

Environmental border harm (Springer 2023)

The physical system - managing a complex border (Failed Architecture)

The socio-economic system - human rights and migrants (UCLG 2021)

Milan (Italy)

Skopje (Macedonia)

Lampedusa (Italy)

Milan - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

City of Milan overview (Scope 2022)

Urban design and placemaking (Frontiers 2021)

The ecological system - the Biblioteca degli Alberi (BAM) park

The physical system - reducing car use after the COVID-19 lockdown (the Guardian 2020)

The socio-economic system - residential property behaviour (MDPI 2021)

Venice (Italy)

Skopje (Macedonia)

Skopje (Macedonia)

Venice - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - can the city and the eco-system be saved? (Nat Geo 2022)

Is Venice flooding getting worse (RMG 2022)

The physical system - the plan to save Venice from sinking (the BBC 2022)

The Venice flood barrier - Mose (the Guardian 2020)

The socio-economic system - how Venice is changing the tourism approach (the Guardian 2022)

Skopje (Macedonia)

Skopje (Macedonia)

Skopje (Macedonia)

Skopje - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - inside Skopje: pollution challenges (Al Jazeera 2019)

The Resilient Skopje project (UNDP)

The physical system - progress on the wastewater plant (EIB 2022)

The socio-economic system - Post-COVID-19 recovery for informal settlements (UNECE 2021)

Increasing the size of apartments in social housing (QUB 2021)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Lisbon - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - biodiversity monitoring project 2019-2020 (CE3C)

The physical system - Nature-based Solutions for urban resilience (Oppla)

Tale of Two Cities on NbS: Lisbon & Singapore (MDPI 2021)

The socio-economic system - walking & different social groups (Science Direct 2023)

Barcelona (Spain)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Barcelona - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - green infrastructure and biodiversity plan 2020

The physical system - a new approach to the city's buildings (Barcelona Tourisme)

La Borda sustainable building (AJ 2020)

The socio-economic system - Life Satisfaction and Socio-Economic Vulnerability (Springer 2023)

Gimnàs Social Sant Pau: a gym with purpose (Catalan News 2021)

Saving the gym to save the city (ATRI 2021)

Car-free zones and boosting mental health (The Conversation 2019)

Bilbao (Spain)

Lisbon (Portugal)

Bilbao - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Biscay Fiscal (Tax) Policy and the SDGs (UCL)

The ecological system - NbS for dealing with extreme temperature and rainfall events (Oppla)

Assessing flood risk (Science Direct 2017)

The physical system - how a star building can change a city (RICS 2021)

Does starchitecture work? (the Guardian 2015)

The socio-economic system - inclusive growth and resilience (OECD 2022)

Madrid (Spain)

Madrid - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

The ecological system - forest ecosystems in the city

Madrid + Natural (Arup)

The physical system - what other cities can learn from Madrid's effort to ban cars (Tomorrow City 2019)

The socio-economic system - social infrastructure in the city (Science Direct 2023)

Trying to deal with record heat (the Guardian 2023)

Seville (Spain)

Seville (Spain)

Seville - Wikipedia overview

Governance - 

Local government website

Seville and Sustainability

The ecological system - turning leftover oranges into electricity (the Guardian 2021)

Madrid + Natural (Arup)

The physical system - The Cartuja Qanat initiative for cooling the city

The Cartuja Qanat profile (Euro cities)

The socio-economic system - using a public Complementary Currency (CC) (Socio Eco 2021)

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